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This resource illustrates how richly detailed photographs can be adapted to provide opportunities for students to strengthen the capability of gathering and interpreting data in the context of science.
The Nature of Science strand
Aim | Achievement objectives relevant to this resource |
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Understanding about science Students will learn about science as a knowledge system: the features of scientific knowledge and the processes by which it is developed; and learn about the ways in which the work of scientists interacts with society. | L5: Understand that scientists’ investigations are informed by current scientific theories and aim to collect evidence that will be interpreted through processes of logical argument. |
Living world
Aim | Achievement objectives relevant to this resource |
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Ecology Understand how living things interact with each other and with the non-living environment. | L5: Investigate the interdependence of living things (including humans) in an ecosystem. |
Students explore how evidence can be built by making inferences based on close observations.
Food Webs was developed by the University of Canterbury Science Outreach initiative. It includes a set of vivid photographs selected to illustrate various feeding relationships on Rangatira Island. The supporting notes for NZC Level 5 focus on building conceptual understandings of food webs.
Adapting the resource
The photographs provide opportunities for students to differentiate between observation and inference in scientists’ investigations.
In this initial activity discourage students from making inferences – just get them to describe what they can see.
When answering this question, students are making meaning based on their observations. [They are making inferences based on what they see, in combination with what they already know.]
Evidence in science is carefully constructed from observations (direct and indirect) of the natural physical world. Scientists put effort into ensuring they have robust data (i.e., that their observations are accurate). This effort is not usually described when the focus is on the products of scientists’ thinking: students need encouragement and support to pay attention to the meaning-making behind knowledge claims.
Developing an appreciation of the many ways that data might be gathered and interpreted in science supports students to become scientifically literate, i.e., to participate as critical, informed, and responsible citizens in a society in which science plays a significant role. (This is the purpose of science in NZC.)
When you ask, “What do you see?” do students limit their answers to things that are observable?
Can they differentiate between what is directly observable and what they already know?
Can they differentiate between the observations they make and the inferences they draw from these?
Can they describe specific investigative processes that might be used to check if inferences are supported by evidence?
For suggestions about adapting tasks in ways that allow students to show progress in gathering and interpreting data see Learning at different curriculum levels.
This activity could be a prelude to the construction of a food web as suggested in the resource. Students could follow this up by using any other example of a food web to unpack the nature of the investigative activity (observations and inferences) on which it would be based. The aim is to have them understand that scientific models such as food webs are always careful, evidence-based constructions. They never arrive “ready-made” although that is how students typically encounter them in books and on websites.
Any clear detailed photographs of interactions in the living world could be used to encourage and practise the skills of close observation and to differentiate between observation and inference.
The Science Learning Hub has a student activity about the Maud Island frog called Observation: Learning to see.
The capability 4 resource, Bioaccumulation interactive, has a related focus on other types of models as evidence-based constructions.
Ecology, food chains, food webs